Evolution and Education :: Science Teaching Argumentative Essays

Development and Education At whatever point different discussions have occurred in parts of the nation with respect to whether development ought to be instructed in schools, I have consistently watched the circumstance with a level of suspicion; neither the parochial training I got in rudimentary and center school nor the government funded instruction I got for secondary school at any point endeavored to discourage us from finding out about advancement, and keeping in mind that none of my classes at any point showed development with as much profundity as Ernst Mayr endeavored to pass on in What Evolution Is, the two frameworks showed it as a reality †one that we underestimated. The discussion on the utilization of advancement in the Georgia educational system at first appeared to me to be an indication of increasingly hostile to development propensities, in spite of the fact that Superintendent Kathy Cox has not remarked on the hypothesis of development itself; the disastrous truth, expressed Cox as her basis, is that 'advancement' has become a disputable trendy expression that could keep some from peru sing the proposed science educational plan (Gross A10). Whatever her own convictions regarding the matter are, notwithstanding, the end of the expression development may give cool solace to the hypothesis' spoilers, yet its general impact is simply to hamper the understudy's comprehension of what advancement involves. Instead of development, Georgia's proposed substitution is natural changes over time; it wants to pass on the significance behind the word without utilizing the word itself (Gross A10). Mayr's own definition is by all accounts rather comparative when he states, Development is change in the properties of populaces of living beings after some time, yet a word communicates more than what a cut word reference definition can permit (Mayr 8). At the point when development is utilized in day by day speech in a non-natural setting, adaption is frequently an implicit yet significant segment of it. In the event that one discusses developing as an individual or advancing in his job as group chief, there is a feeling that one is moving from a less-adjusted state to getting more qualified for whatever it is one does. It suggests that there is an improvement of specific characteristics to be more qualified for the condition an individual may discover oneself in, not just changes after some time for change; while there is to be sure a level of haphazardness in how an animal va rieties may advance (or come to decimation, as the very much adjusted dinosaurs did when a meteor struck and permanently modified the earth), generally the progressions are not so much because of possibility.

VaR Models in Predicting Equity Market Risk

VaR Models in Predicting Equity Market Risk Part 3 Research Design This part speaks to how to apply proposed VaR models in foreseeing value advertise hazard. Fundamentally, the postulation first blueprints the gathered exact information. We next spotlight on confirming suppositions typically occupied with the VaR models and afterward distinguishing whether the information qualities are in accordance with these presumptions through analyzing the watched information. Different VaR models are along these lines talked about, starting with the non-parametric methodology (the recorded reproduction model) and followed by the parametric methodologies under various distributional presumptions of profits and purposefully with the mix of the Cornish-Fisher Expansion procedure. At long last, backtesting procedures are utilized to esteem the exhibition of the proposed VaR models. 3.1. Information The information utilized in the examination are monetary time arrangement that mirror the day by day verifiable value changes for two single value list resources, including the FTSE 100 list of the UK advertise and the SP 500 of the US showcase. Scientifically, rather than utilizing the number juggling return, the paper utilizes the day by day log-returns. The full time frame, which the figurings depend on, extends from 05/06/2002 to 22/06/2009 for each single record. All the more correctly, to actualize the exact test, the period will be isolated independently into two sub-periods: the main arrangement of experimental information, which are utilized to make the parameter estimation, ranges from 05/06/2002 to 31/07/2007. The remainder of the information, which is between 01/08/2007 and 22/06/2009, is utilized for anticipating VaR figures and backtesting. Do note here is that the last stage is actually the current worldwide money related emergency period which started from the August of 2007, drastically crested in the consummation long periods of 2008 and signally decreased altogether in the center of 2009. Thus, the examination will intentionally inspect the precision of the VaR models inside the unpredictable time. 3.1.1. FTSE 100 list The FTSE 100 Index is an offer list of the 100 most profoundly promoted UK organizations recorded on the London Stock Exchange, started on third January 1984. FTSE 100 organizations speak to about 81% of the market capitalisation of the entire London Stock Exchange and become the most broadly utilized UK securities exchange pointer. In the thesis, the full information utilized for the experimental examination comprises of 1782 perceptions (1782 working days) of the UK FTSE 100 list covering the period from 05/06/2002 to 22/06/2009. 3.1.2. SP 500 record The SP 500 is a worth weighted record distributed since 1957 of the costs of 500 huge top regular stocks effectively exchanged the United States. The stocks recorded on the SP 500 are those of enormous openly held organizations that exchange on both of the two biggest American financial exchange organizations, the NYSE Euronext and NASDAQ OMX. After the Dow Jones Industrial Average, the SP 500 is the most broadly followed list of huge top American stocks. The SP 500 alludes not exclusively to the list, yet in addition to the 500 organizations that have their normal stock remembered for the file and subsequently considered as a bellwether for the US economy. Like the FTSE 100, the information for the SP 500 is likewise seen during a similar period with 1775 perceptions (1775 working days). 3.2. Information Analysis For the VaR models, one of the most significant perspectives is presumptions identifying with estimating VaR. This area initially talks about a few VaR suspicions and afterward looks at the gathered experimental information attributes. 3.2.1. Suppositions 3.2.1.1. Typicality supposition Typical appropriation As referenced in the section 2, most VaR models accept that arrival circulation is regularly conveyed with mean of 0 and standard deviation of 1 (see figure 3.1). In any case, the section 2 likewise shows that the real return in the vast majority of past observational examinations doesn't totally keep the standard dissemination. Figure 3.1: Standard Normal Distribution Skewness The skewness is a proportion of asymmetry of the dissemination of the monetary time arrangement around its mean. Regularly information is thought to be evenly conveyed with skewness of 0. A dataset with either a positive or negative slant veers off from the typical appropriation suspicions (see figure 3.2). This can cause parametric methodologies, for example, the Riskmetrics and the symmetric ordinary GARCH(1,1) model under the supposition of standard appropriated returns, to be less viable if resource returns are intensely slanted. The outcome can be an overestimation or underestimation of the VaR esteem contingent upon the slant of the basic resource returns. Figure 3.2: Plot of a positive or negative slant Kurtosis The kurtosis measures the peakedness or levelness of the dissemination of an information test and portrays how focused the profits are around their mean. A high estimation of kurtosis implies that a greater amount of data’s fluctuation originates from outrageous deviations. As such, a high kurtosis implies that the benefits returns comprise of more extraordinary qualities than demonstrated by the ordinary dispersion. This positive abundance kurtosis is, as indicated by Lee and Lee (2000) called leptokurtic and a negative overabundance kurtosis is called platykurtic. The information which is ordinarily conveyed has kurtosis of 3. Figure 3.3: General types of Kurtosis Jarque-Bera Statistic In insights, Jarque-Bera (JB) is a test measurement for testing whether the arrangement is typically conveyed. At the end of the day, the Jarque-Bera test is a decency of-fit proportion of takeoff from ordinariness, in light of the example kurtosis and skewness. The test measurement JB is characterized as: where n is the quantity of perceptions, S is the example skewness, K is the example kurtosis. For enormous example estimates, the test measurement has a Chi-square conveyance with two degrees of opportunity. Enlarged Dickeyâ€Fuller Statistic Enlarged Dickeyâ€Fuller test (ADF) is a test for a unit root in a period arrangement test. It is an increased rendition of the Dickeyâ€Fuller test for a bigger and increasingly confused arrangement of time arrangement models. The ADF measurement utilized in the test is a negative number. The more negative it is, the more grounded the dismissal of the theory that there is a unit root at some degree of certainty. ADF basic qualities: (1%) â€3.4334, (5%) â€2.8627, (10%) â€2.5674. 3.2.1.2. Homoscedasticity presumption Homoscedasticity alludes to the presumption that the reliant variable shows comparable measures of fluctuation over the scope of qualities for an autonomous variable. Figure 3.4: Plot of Homoscedasticity Tragically, the part 2, in view of the past experimental examinations affirmed that the budgetary markets generally experience startling occasions, vulnerabilities in costs (and returns) and display non-consistent fluctuation (Heteroskedasticity). For sure, the unpredictability of monetary resource returns changes after some time, with periods when instability is outstandingly high blended with periods when instability is bizarrely low, to be specific unpredictability bunching. It is one of the broadly stylised realities (stylised factual properties of benefit returns) which are basic to a typical arrangement of budgetary resources. The unpredictability grouping mirrors that high-instability occasions will in general bunch in time. 3.2.1.3. Stationarity supposition As per Cont (2001), the most fundamental essential of any factual investigation of market information is the presence of some measurable properties of the information under examination which stay consistent after some time, if not it is inane to attempt to remember them. One of the speculations identifying with the invariance of measurable properties of the arrival procedure in time is the stationarity. This speculation expect that for any arrangement of time moments ,†¦, and whenever interim the joint circulation of the profits ,†¦, is equivalent to the joint dissemination of profits ,†¦,. The Augmented Dickey-Fuller test, thus, will likewise be utilized to test whether time-arrangement models are precisely to look at the fixed of measurable properties of the arrival. 3.2.1.4. Sequential freedom suspicion There are an enormous number of trial of arbitrariness of the example information. Autocorrelation plots are one regular strategy test for haphazardness. Autocorrelation is the connection between's the profits at the various focuses in time. It is equivalent to ascertaining the relationship between's two diverse time arrangement, then again, actually a similar time arrangement is utilized twice once in its unique structure and once slacked at least one timeframes. The outcomes can extend fromâ +1 to - 1. An autocorrelation ofâ +1 speaks to consummate positive relationship (for example an expansion found in one time arrangement will prompt a proportionate increment in the other time arrangement), while an estimation of - 1 speaks to consummate negative connection (for example an expansion found in one time arrangement brings about a proportionate abatement in the other time arrangement). As far as econometrics, the autocorrelation plot will be inspected dependent on the Ljung-Box Q measurement test. Be that as it may, rather than testing irregularity at each particular slack, it tests the general arbitrariness dependent on various slacks. The Ljung-Box test can be characterized as: where n is the example size,is the example autocorrelation at slack j, and h is the quantity of slacks being tried. The theory of irregularity is dismissed if whereis the percent point capacity of the Chi-square dispersion and the ÃŽ ± is the quantile of the Chi-square circulation with h degrees of opportunity. 3.2.2. Information Characteristics Table 3.1 gives the graphic insights for the FTSE 100 and the SP 500 day by day securities exchange costs and returns. Every day returns are registered as logarithmic value family members: Rt = ln(Pt/pt-1), where Pt is the end day by day cost at time t. Figures 3.5a and 3.5b, 3.6a and 3.6b present the plots of profits and value file after some time. Plus, Figures 3.7a and 3.7b, 3.8a and 3.8b show the blend between the recurrence circulation of the FTSE 100 and the SP 500 day by day return information and an ordinary appropriation bend forced, sp

Is PAWS Real or Just Another Relapse Excuse

Is PAWS Real or Just Another Relapse Excuse Addiction Alcohol Use Withdrawal and Relapse Print Is PAWS Real or Just Another Relapse Excuse? Post Acute Withdrawal Syndrome Blamed for Many Relapses By Buddy T facebook twitter Buddy T is an anonymous writer and founding member of the Online Al-Anon Outreach Committee with decades of experience writing about alcoholism. Learn about our editorial policy Buddy T Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on November 26, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on June 04, 2019 Sleep Disturbance Is a Symptom of PAWS. © Getty Images More in Addiction Alcohol Use Withdrawal and Relapse Binge Drinking Children of Alcoholics Drunk Driving Addictive Behaviors Drug Use Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery Post-acute  withdrawal syndrome (PAWS) has been cited for many years by members of the recovery community as a major cause of relapse for those who are trying to remain clean and sober. After recovering alcoholics and addicts get past the stress and severity of the initial acute withdrawal symptoms of early abstinence, some experts say, another group of symptoms comes along that are uncomfortable or aggravating enough to prompt some to relapse merely to relieve those nagging symptoms. But, the phenomenon also known as protracted withdrawal syndrome or simply prolonged withdrawal is not without some controversy. PAWS is not an official medical diagnosis and its not found in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. There are very few published scientific research studies that even confirm the existence of PAWS and there is a particular lack of any recent research about post-acute withdrawal. Controversy The shortage of scientific evidence and the exclusion from the diagnostic manuals of the syndrome has caused some confusion in the mainstream medical community as to whether PAWS is a real phenomenon, or simply a popular excuse for a relapse. Others have questioned if the so-called syndrome actually exists or is an invention of the professional alcohol and drug treatment industry to try to justify a need for their long-term services. For those who have experienced the unexpected symptoms of PAWS, however, post-acute withdrawal syndrome is indeed very real. How to Recognize Signs That Can Lead to a Drug or Alcohol Relapse Parameters One study was specifically conducted to determine if PAWS should be included in the DSM-IV. After a review of the existing literature at the time, Satel and colleagues at Yale University School of Medicine concluded that the diagnosis should not be included. But, the Yale scientists came to that conclusion, not because the syndrome does not exist, but because of methodologic limitations of the studies and lack of consensus definition of the term itself. Studies that did consistently describe symptoms extending beyond acute withdrawal failed to conclusively demonstrate protracted withdrawal from alcohol and opiates because they did not: Do multiple time-point samplingUse standardize instrumentsUse control groupsRe-administer the substance to suppress the symptoms While methodological issues may have excluded PAWS from the DSM, there is research suggesting that the syndrome exists and can contribute to relapse. Research Although few studies over the years have agreed on the exact definition and parameters of protracted withdrawal, some investigators have documented some of the symptoms associated with the syndrome. One German study found that long-term alcohol use tends to inhibit the effects of certain chemicals in the brain (atrial natriuretic peptide) and those effects remain diminished weeks after abstinence. This resulted in an increased craving for alcohol and increased feelings of anxiety during protracted withdrawal. A long-term study at Johns Hopkins University of 312 abstinent alcoholics found that some of the more demoralizing symptoms of withdrawalâ€"guilt, depression, interpersonal sensitivityâ€"decreased progressively with prolonged abstinence, but in some cases could take 10 years to return to normal levels. Authors of the Johns Hopkins study concluded that their findings were consistent with the concept of a protracted withdrawal syndrome. Why Post-Acute Withdrawal Syndrome Can Be a Barrier to Recovery Causes As the symptoms of acute withdrawal in early abstinence begin to diminish and stabilize, the symptoms of post acute withdrawal begin to appear, usually between seven and 14 days into sobriety. Long-term alcohol and drug use can cause chemical changes in the brain. When someone suddenly stops using, the brain must re-adjust to being without those substances. How long this adjustment lasts can depend on how much damage prolonged substance abuse did to the bodys nervous system. The process of the brain adjusting to being without drugs or alcohol can be aggravated by the stress of trying to maintain abstinence after years of drinking or doing drugs. Because many people in recovery used alcohol and drugs to deal with stress in the past, any stress they experience while trying to remain sober can make their protracted withdrawal symptoms worse. Recovery experts believe the severity of post-acute withdrawal symptoms depend on upon two factors: the amount of damage alcohol and drug use did to the nervous system over the years and the amount of stress the person experiences during recovery. Symptoms People who experience post-acute withdrawal syndrome describe the symptoms as coming in waves or being on an emotional roller coaster of ups and downs. Recovering alcoholics and addicts, weeks into abstinence, report having these kinds of symptoms: Unstable and Unpredictable Moods: One of the most common symptoms reported by people suffering from PAWS are mood swings or unpredictable changes in their mood. They report sudden feelings of overwhelming depression without any reason or provocation, while later experiencing excited bouts of anxiety or agitation. Anhedonia: Anhedonia is losing interest in things that you previously enjoyed doing, sometimes described as having your ability to feel pleasure turned off. In extreme cases, anhedonia can extend to losing interest is pursuing basic needs, like eating. Intensified Emotions or Feelings of Numbness: This symptom can vary widely in recovering individuals. Many tend to overreact. Sometimes they can become overly excited and excessively angry over small matters, then go into a stage of not feeling any emotions at all. Some describe it as being empty or numb inside. Inability to Concentrate or Think Clearly: People experiencing protracted withdrawal will many times not have the ability to solve even simple problems due to their inability to think clearly. They report difficulty concentrating and sometimes its because they find it hard to think about anything but the fact that they are not drinking or using drugs. Rigid or repetitive thinking is also common. Poor Coordination and Clumsiness: This symptom is not as common as some symptoms of PAWS, but it is a serious one. Some people  in protracted withdrawal experience dizziness, slow reflexes, coordination problems and trouble with balance. People who experience stumbling and clumsiness during prolonged withdrawal can appear to be intoxicated when they are in fact abstinent. Sleep Disturbances: Probably the PAWS symptoms most responsible for relapses are those related to sleep disturbances. Not only do they find it difficult to fall asleep, but they will also find their sleep is interrupted. Many report having their sleep disturbed when they wake up after having a using dream in which they used alcohol or drugs. Strong Cravings: This, of course, is another reason that many trying to quit decide to relapse. Even after weeksâ€"and sometimes yearsâ€"of abstinence, people in recovery can suddenly experience strong cravings for their drug of choice. Increased Sensitivity to Stress: One unexpected protracted withdrawal symptoms for many recovering addicts is an increased sensitivity to stress and stressful events. Some report that they not only more easily stressed, but can become overwhelmed by even slightly stressful situations. Treatment experts believe that this hypersensitivity to stress can exacerbate all the other post-acute withdrawal symptoms. Signals of a Mood Disorder It is important to note that several of the symptoms of PAWS described aboveâ€"such as unstable moods, anhedonia, impaired concentration, and sleep disturbancesâ€"may also reflect a mood disorder like major depression. Mood disorders can often co-occur with substance use. If these symptoms persist, are severe, and particularly if they are accompanied by suicidal thoughts, a psychiatric evaluation should be sought. Coping Although information about post acute withdrawal is somewhat sparse in the scientific literature, it is well documented in the recovery community. Those who treat withdrawal symptoms and try to prevent relapse are very familiar with prolonged withdrawal. If you have gone through a professional treatment program or have been a member of a support group such as Alcoholics Anonymous in the past 20 years, you have probably heard a lot about post acute withdrawal syndrome. Best-selling author and internationally recognized substance abuse expert Terrence T. Terry Gorski literally wrote the book on post-acute withdrawal. His book, Staying Sober: A Guide for Relapse Prevention (buy it on Amazon) not only describes the syndrome in detail but outlines ways recovering people can cope with PAWS. Education: According to Gorski, the key to not letting protracted withdrawal symptoms result in a relapse is to educate yourself about the symptoms so that you know what to expect, prepare yourself to deal with each symptom as it arises, and develop a plan for handling stress without drugs and alcohol. Conditions that put you at high risk of experiencing post-acute withdrawal symptoms are usually lack of care of yourself and lack of attention to your recovery program, Gorski wrote. If you are going to recover without relapse you need to be aware of stressful situations in your life that can increase your risk of experiencing PAWS. Stress Management: Since you cannot remove yourself from all stressful situations you need to prepare yourself to handle them when they occur. It is not the situation that makes you go to pieces; it is your reaction to the situation, Gorski said. Bob Carty, director of clinical services at Hazelden in Chicago, agrees that knowing what the protracted withdrawal symptoms are is important to learn how to manage them. Successful management of your alcohol or drug withdrawal symptoms will help you feel better physically and emotionally, improve your self-esteem, and reduce your risk of relapse, Carty says on the Hazelden Betty Ford website. Symptoms  Management: Because stress can make PAWS symptom more intense, learning to manage stress can help you control your post-acute withdrawal symptoms, Gorski said. Tips for Managing PAWS Symptoms According to Staying Sober these are tools that you can use to control withdrawal symptoms:Identify your sources of stressDevelop decision-making and problem-solving skillsMaintain a proper dietExercise regularlyDevelop regular habitsKeep a positive attitudeLearn relaxation skills Both Gorski and Carty agree that talking about your symptoms and stress triggers with someone you trust, such as a counselor or an A.A. sponsor, can help you cope with prolonged withdrawal. Telling others about what you are experiencing can help you see the situation more realistically. Duration Some people who quit alcohol and drugs never experience post-acute withdrawal symptoms at all, while others can still face some symptoms years into abstinence. The amount of time the symptoms can last can also depend on the type of drug from which you are withdrawing. Recovery experts say that patients abstaining from alcohol and opiate-based painkillers will typically experience post-acute withdrawal from six to 24 months. However, there are reports of people abstaining from benzodiazepines who can experience some symptoms 10 years later. The symptoms of PAWS typically grow to peak intensity over three to six months after abstinence begins, Gorski said. The damage is usually reversible, meaning the major symptoms go away in time if proper treatment is received. So there is no need to fear. Help for Post-Acute Withdrawal Syndrome

A Look At The Photo And Video Images From The Vietnam War

A look at the photo and video images from the Vietnam War reveals a confusing picture. On the one hand, there are South Vietnamese soldiers, members of the Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN), cheerfully working with American troops and often commanded by American ‘advisors.’ In contrast, other South Vietnamese men and women attacked any Americans that they found vulnerable; these were the Vietcong, the freedom army that fought in alliance with North Vietnam for ‘liberation’ of the South from ‘imperialism.’ So, the War in South Vietnam was politically a complex one, with many opposing factors and interests. In consequence, the relationship between the South Vietnamese people and the American population in the country was a complex†¦show more content†¦The Vietnamese people fought a bitter war to free themselves from French imperial rule, and saw the war end with the division of the country into the Communist North and the free South. Later, when American people came to Vietnam in large numbers, the Vietnamese saw rich, technologically advanced white people intruding into their country. They saw another version of the French, another white imperialist, and this contributed to feelings of resentment against the Americans that they encountered. In addition, the average South Vietnamese person had a longing for the reunification of Vietnam, for the joining of North and South. Since the North was fighting for the reunification of the country (under its rule) many South Vietnamese sided with the North, for the sake of reunification. Others sided with the North for the communization of the South. Some sided with the North for both reasons. These people opposed the American presence, and thought to harm any American that they saw, for the simple reason that the policy of America was to prevent both communization and reunification with the North. Those who felt most strongly about reunification or communization, or both , joined the Vietcong, a freedom organization that among other things killed as many Americans --- civilian or military --- that they could. On the other hand, many South Vietnamese feared communist rule, and did not want reunification with the North at the price of being communized and ruled by a

Affect vs.Effect How to Choose the Right Word

The words affect and effect are often confused because they sound alike and have related meanings, although theyre used differently. In most cases, affect is a verb and effect is a noun. How to Use Affect As a verb, affect has several meanings. The first and most common is, to influence, create a change, or alter something or someone. Affect also means to pretend to feel something (to affect sadness). In its original sense in Middle French, affecter meant to have a sad or unfortunate impression on, and when affect stands unmodified, it does typically mean to sadden. In psychology and psychiatry, the term affect (with stress on the first syllable) is also a noun with the technical meaning an expressed or observed emotional response. However, this term seldom appears in nontechnical writing. How to Use Effect Effect, on the other hand, is usually a noun meaning the result or consequence of some action or event. The noun effect also means something thats intended to create a particular impression or feeling, as in the effect of flying. And it can mean to make operative, as in the law will take effect in January 2022, as well as to have an operative influence on, as its used in side effect or aftereffect. In addition, it may function as part of a well-established compound noun such as Doppler effect or greenhouse effect. The main confusion happens when effect is used as a verb, meaning to cause. The difference is the strength of the verbs: to affect change means to have an impact on change, while to effect change means to create it. Examples The following are examples of when you might use the verb affect to mean influence: The heat affected my ability to think clearly.The sportsman was not affected by the crowds booing in the stadium.Adverse publicity affected the outcome of the election.Volcanoes can temporarily affect the quality of the atmosphere. Affect can also mean to put on or assume: Jane affected disdain for Pavel that she did not, in fact, feel.When you attend parties at the White House, you should affect an air of cool sophistication. Use the noun effect to describe an outcome or result: The extreme heat had a devastating effect on my garden.The effects of the Black Death included the reduction of the population of Europe.One side effect of the medication is drowsiness. Use the verb effect to mean to create, make happen or bring about: If you want to effect change in Washington, you have to vote.It is time to effect  a revolution in table manners.It looks to me as if we have effected a tactical surprise. How to Remember the Difference The main difference between the most common uses of affect and effect is the part of speech. As Brian Klems points out in a Writers Digest column, affect is an action, and both words begin with an a; an effect is the end result of an action, and both begin with an e. Sources Affect; effect. The Chicago Manual of Style. 16th ed., University of Chicago Press, 2010, p. 264.Fogarty, Mignon. Affect Versus Effect. Grammar Girls 101 Misused Words Youll Never Confuse Again. New York: St. Martins Griffin, 2011. p. 12.Klems, Brian A. Affect vs. Effect. The Writers Dig, 22 Jan. 2013.

The Impact of Technology in Developing Effective Teamwork...

Developing Effective Teamwork in Organizations: Teamwork is one of the most important elements for the effectiveness of an organization in achieving its goals because people are an essential building block of total quality management within the organization. Actually, the main responsibility of the achievement of quality lies with the individual or group carrying out the organizational activities and processes. The importance of teamwork in an organization is evident in the fact that the complexity of organizational processes requires individuals and groups to tackle the activities efficiently. However, teamwork in an organization is achieved through proper strategies, mechanisms, and structure that are implemented carefully and efficiently. For instance, effective teamwork requires employees to engage in organizational processes with the commitment from senior managers. Nature of Groups and Group Behavior within Organizations: Organizations are usually characterized by different groups who interact in a way that every individual plays a significant role in the achievement of the goals and aims of the organization. Groups are established in an organization for several purposes including helping the organization to achieve important tasks and promoting the maintenance of high-quality workforce through satisfying the needs of the members (McCuddy, 2003, p.4). Notably, these groups are generally divided into two major categories i.e. formal and informal groups that areShow MoreRelatedA New Enterprise Resource Planning System1627 Words   |  7 Pagesregard to the organization as a whole, as opposed to smaller changes within an organization, such as adding a new person or adapting a new program. 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Federalism in America and India free essay sample

Thereby both countries had attained dominion status in which a number of smaller states had got affiliated forming a union with a strong central government that came to be called as Federal Government in the US and Central Government in India. Thus both states became Federal Republics. While framing the Indian constitution, its drafting committee headed by Dr. Ambedkar, had borrowed many salient features from various constitutions in the world including US but adopted them in the Indian context. Hence, both U. S and India, despite being federal in structure have many similarities and differences between them. Similarities between US and India:- 1) Written constitution:- Both US and India have a written constitution based on which the federal political structure has been set up and both federal governments are functioning. Both constitutions have provisions for amending the constitution to meet the growing socio, political and economic needs and demands of their respective countries. 2) Bill of Rights and Fundamental Rights:- The US constitution has ensured the fundamental rights of its citizens like right to equality, freedom, right against exploitation, freedom of religion, cultural and educational rights, right to property, and right to constitutional remedies etc through ‘The Bill of Rights’,. They became part and parcel of the US constitution through first ten amendments that were carried out and adopted into the US constitution. The Indian constitution has guaranteed the fundamental rights of the people through articles 14 to 34 in Part III. ) Supremacy of the Federal or Union Government:- Both countries have federal governments at the centre in which various states have acceeded to. In the US as many as 50 states have joined the federal government and in the Indian Union as many as 29 states and 8 Union territories have acceeded to. Both in US and India, states which have acceeded to the Federal set up have no unilateral power to secede from the Federal Government or the Union Governme nt. While Federal Government or the Union Government as well as the states are empowered to enact laws on a particular subject,(known as concurrent powers),the law enacted by the Federal or Union Government will have overriding effect over the law enacted by the states on the same subject. Thus Federal or Union Government is supreme in the present federal structure. 4) Division of Labor and Separation of Powers:- Adhering to Montesquieus theory of division of labor and separation of powers, both US and Indian constitutions have three basic divisions with regard to division of labor and power in their federal set up known as executive, legislature and judiciary with clear cut ‘Separation of Powers’ Each division has been entrusted with a separate power. The executive governs the country, the legislature enacts laws and the judiciary administers justice. President of US is the chief executive head of US, whereas the Union cabinet headed by the Prime Minister is the real chief executive body in India. Both US and India have a bicameral legislature. US legislature has an upper and lower house known as the House of Senate and the House of Representatives respectively and the Indian Parliament has Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha as its Lower and Upper house respectively. Both US and India have a well organized judiciary, having the Supreme Court or the Federal Court as the apex court and a number of other courts in various states to administer original and appellate jurisdictions. 5)Powers of Checks and Balances:- Though there exists a clear cut division of labor known as separation of powers into executive, legislature and judiciary in both countries, still there is a threat. to democracy. A strong and dynamic leadership at the helm of powers as the executive and acting with unlimited powers may lead to arbitrariness. After all power corrupts power; absolute power corrupts absolutely; in the result democracy may become a laughing stock and virtually unworkable. Hence, in order to prevent unwieldy growth of any one of these three divisions, a fantastic mechanism known as powers of ‘checks and balances’ has been maintained in both countries. In other words, each division of power is somehow or other checked and controlled by other divisions of power. In the US, the President as the chief executive power appoints his members of ‘Kitchen Cabinet’ and he is the Supreme Commander-in-Chief of Army,Navy and the Air Force. He appoints the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the US. He enters into treaties with other countries. However, his treaties must be approved by the House of Senate. Otherwise, the treaty will not come into force. Though President Woodrow Wilson was the chief architect of the League of Nations that came into being after the first world war,US could not become a member of it since the House of Senate did not approve it. Thus important policy decisions must be necessarily approved by the House of Senate, which definitely acts as a check on the powers of US President, who is the head of the executive. Similarly laws enacted by both houses may be subjected to the power of Judicial Review and can be declared null and void by the judiciary. The President can be impeached and removed from power on the motion moved by the House of Senate in the presence of the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the US. Similarly in India, the Prime Minister and his cabinet can be removed from power by a successful no confidence motion passed by both houses of parliament. The important policy decisions taken by the cabinet headed by the Prime Minister, if necessary has to be enacted into laws only with the requisite majority of the parliament. The laws enacted by the parliament. re subject to the judicial review of the Supreme Cour of India. The Chief Justice and other Judges of the Supreme Court are appointed by the President as recommended by the cabinet and the Prime Minister. Thus the powers of checks and balances have been the effective mechanism both in the US and in India in safeguarding the democracy in both countries. Differences between the federalisms of US and India:- The differences that exist between the federalisms of US and India are unique. These differences have been wantonly created by the architects of the Indian constitution. The US federalism is very strong and more rigid as envisaged in their constitution by its leaders. It is more federal than unitary. in character. Whereas, India is more unitary than federal and we can even say that it is a quasi-federal state. 1) The Constitution of US is very rigid than the Indian Constitution:- i)The constitution of US is very brief and rigid running into only a few pages, whereas the constitution of India is very voluminous containing as many as XXII parts, 395 articles and ten schedules. Since the US constitution is very rigid, the provisions meant for amending the constitution are also very rigid and more formal. The last amendment carried out in the US constitution was in the year 1992. Between the period 1989 and 1992, the US constitution has been amended only 27 times, in which the 21 st amendment was to reverse the 18 th amendment Whereas, the Indian constitution which came into force in the year 1950, has so far been amended 94 times. Therefore, it is easy to amend the Indian constitution, since it involves four different types of procedures which are comparatively easy than the amending procedure of the US constitution. For example, recently, the salaries and allowances of the Indian MPs have been hiked through a voice vote of the members of the Indian Parliament, whereas in the US, the 27 th amendment originally proposed on 25th September, 1789, was ratified on May 7 th, 1992, regulating the provision for varying the compensation of the members of the House of Senate and Representatives. i) In the US, though there is a Federal Constitution, all the states affiliated with the Federal Government,owing their allegiance to the Federal Constitution, have their own constitutions to regulate their own governance. In India, all the states affiliated with the Indian Union owe their allegiance only to the Indian constitution and do not have their own constitution; however, each state is empowered to enact its own laws inc luded in the state as well as in the concurrent list of the constitution. ) While US has the Presidential form of Government, India has the Parliamentary form of Government:- In the US, the President is the head of the state and so his government is invariably mentioned as the Presidential form of government or democracy; In India, the President is only a nominal head or titular sovereign power;( dejure sovereign),whereas the Prime Minister and his cabinet is the defacto or popular sovereign in whom the real power exists. In the US, the President is popularly elected ,besides chosen through an electoral college. However, nominating a candidate for ontesting the Presidential election by a political party in the US is a cumbersome process. This process is comparatively simpler than the Indian system of forming the cabinet and electing the Prime Minister from a party which enjoys a majority of elected members of the Lok Sabha. While the US follows the bi-party system, India has a multi -party system and a complicated process of election. While the US President holds power for a period of 4 years,while the Indian Prime Minister holds power for five years as long as his political party enjoys majority in the Lok Sabha. However, the US President irrespective of his affiliation with a political party, Republican or Democrat and irrespective of his party’s success or failure in the elections for the House of Representatives or the House of Senate, holds power for his full tenure. A person in the US can hold the post of President only for two terms, whereas, in India there is no such restriction to hold the post of a Prime Minister or President. For example, Nehru was the Prime Minister of India between 1947 and 1964 for a period of 17 years. The Indian cabinet and the Prime Minister are collectively and directly responsible and answerable to the parliament and indirectly to the people, whereas, the US President has constitutional obligations and duties and of course answerable to the people. For the dereliction of duty and blunder committed by a cabinet minister in India, the Prime Minister and his entire cabinet colleagues are liable,responsible and answerable, because they have collective responsibilities. 3) Differences between the legislatures of US and India:- In India, the lower house or the Lok Sabha is more powerful and its members are directly elected by the people and the members of the Upper house or Rajya Sabha are indirectly elected every two years. The Lok Sabha members represent their constituencies on the basis of their population strength; In the US, the House of Representatives are elected on the basis of the population strength of a state, but irrespective of the size of the state or its population, each state in the US has only two senate members, totaling 100 members in all in the US. While the Lok Sabha or the lower house is more powerful in India, the House of Senate or the upper house is more powerful in the US. While a Senate member in the US is directly elected, a Rajya Sabha member in India is indirectly elected by a system of proportional and transferable voting system. 4) Differences in the judicial system between US and India:- While the US has an advanced judicial system, India has a rapidly developing judicial system. An accused or a witness in the US can depose from the place where he is imprisoned, thereby avoiding unnecessary travel all the way from Chicago or Los Angels to New York using the advanced technology. Such facilities are yet to develop in India. While a Judge in the US can hold his post for life as long as he enjoys his good health, in India it is slightly different. A District judge unless elevated retires at the age of 58, a High Court and a Supreme court Judge retires at the age of 65. Thus both the US and the Indian Federalism despite having limitations are by and large successful.